Memory
Memory is the term given to the structures and processes involved in the storage and subsequent retrieval of information. Memory is everything to all out lives. Without a memory of the past, we cannot operate in the present or think about the future. Without memory we could not learn anything. Memory is a process of getting information into the brain (encoding), keeping information in the brain over time (storage), and then being able to get information out of the brain when needed (retrieval).
Stages of memory
Encoding is processing information into memory. The process of memory encoding encompasses cognitive activities such as attention, information processing, elaboration, and imagery. We automatically encode some types of information without being aware of it. For example, when student studies for exam.
Storage is a memory-related term that refers to the ability to retain information in the brain (in memory). The way we store information affects the way we retrieve it. The more the information is repeated or used, the more likely it is to be retained in long-term memory.
Retrieval is the process of getting information from your memory. It is a process of recalling from the past, which have been previously encoded and stored in the brain. Recall is the type of memory retrieval involves being able to access the information without being cued. For example, student need to be able to retrieve information that he or she had learned on the exam.
Stages of memory
Encoding is processing information into memory. The process of memory encoding encompasses cognitive activities such as attention, information processing, elaboration, and imagery. We automatically encode some types of information without being aware of it. For example, when student studies for exam.
Storage is a memory-related term that refers to the ability to retain information in the brain (in memory). The way we store information affects the way we retrieve it. The more the information is repeated or used, the more likely it is to be retained in long-term memory.
Retrieval is the process of getting information from your memory. It is a process of recalling from the past, which have been previously encoded and stored in the brain. Recall is the type of memory retrieval involves being able to access the information without being cued. For example, student need to be able to retrieve information that he or she had learned on the exam.
Sensory memory
Sensory memory is the part of the memory system which is the initial contact for stimuli. Sensory memory is only capable of retaining information for a very short period of time. Sensory memory is the earliest stage of memory. The sensory memory is divided into storage areas for each of the senses: hearing, vision, smell, touch, and taste. The memory of these impressions is stored not for a long time. The vision area, iconic memory, stores impressions for only a fraction of a second. The hearing area, echoic memory, stores impressions for a bit longer, but no more than about two seconds. During that short amount of time that the impression is stored, the brain decides whether it is important information to keep or not. If it is important information,that impression moves on to the short-term memory. If it is not, the brain just throw it out and it is lost forever. Sensory memory allows for stability, playback and recognition.
Short Term Memory
Short-Term Memory is the system of memory storage where sensory information from sensory memory is transferred, and the data converted during the intermediate level of memory encoding are kept. Short-term memory is limited in capacity, but information kept in short-term memory stays longer than in sensory memory. Short term memory can hold information for 2-30 seconds, unless it transferred to long-term memory, where it lasts possibly for life. Maintenance rehearsal is the process of repeatedly verbalizing or thinking about a piece of information. For example, when you have to remember phone number to sent a text, you saying it over and over. It is maintenance rehearsal, it doesn't keep information in long term memory, but it will help keep it in short term memory a little longer. Interference is a process in short-term memory of pushing out the information. For example, when a person asked to memorize 12 random numbers by looking only once, usually people are able to say only 6 or 7 number. It is because as person reads numbers new information "pushes out" previous information. Chunking refers to organizing or grouping separate pieces of information together. When information is 'chunked' into groups, you can remember the information easier. For example, when you are trying to remember a long phone number, you can chunk it into groups of 3-4 digits. Working memory is the system that actively holds multiple pieces of transitory information in the mind, where they can be manipulated. Working memory helps us stay involved in something longer and keep more things in mind. Working memory is limited,Most adults have a working memory capacity of about 7 items, children typically have less.
Long Term Memory
Long-term memory refers to the continuing storage of information. Long-term memories can last for just a few days, or for many years. Long-term memory is closely related to short-term memory, as items that are stored for a short time can become long-term. Declarative memory is memory of facts and events, and refers to those memories that can be consciously recalled. For example, Person can exactly tell in what year, month, day his/her mother was born or can name some historical dates. Declarative memory is divided further into semantic and episodic memories. Semantic memory is a part of the long-term memory responsible for storing information about the world. This type of memory is concerned with independent facts, such as what a car is, along with concepts which may be more difficult to define. Semantic memory is also called knowledge. Unlike other forms of memory, you usually do not remember where or when you learned the information in semantic memory. Episodic memory is a part of the long-term memory responsible for storing information about events (i.e. episodes) that we have experienced in out lives. For example, People remember their first day at school or their first work. Procedural memory is a part of the long-term memory is responsible for knowing how to do things, i.e. memory of motor skills. It does not involve conscious. For example, person knows how to brush teeth or how to walk.
Sensory memory is the part of the memory system which is the initial contact for stimuli. Sensory memory is only capable of retaining information for a very short period of time. Sensory memory is the earliest stage of memory. The sensory memory is divided into storage areas for each of the senses: hearing, vision, smell, touch, and taste. The memory of these impressions is stored not for a long time. The vision area, iconic memory, stores impressions for only a fraction of a second. The hearing area, echoic memory, stores impressions for a bit longer, but no more than about two seconds. During that short amount of time that the impression is stored, the brain decides whether it is important information to keep or not. If it is important information,that impression moves on to the short-term memory. If it is not, the brain just throw it out and it is lost forever. Sensory memory allows for stability, playback and recognition.
Short Term Memory
Short-Term Memory is the system of memory storage where sensory information from sensory memory is transferred, and the data converted during the intermediate level of memory encoding are kept. Short-term memory is limited in capacity, but information kept in short-term memory stays longer than in sensory memory. Short term memory can hold information for 2-30 seconds, unless it transferred to long-term memory, where it lasts possibly for life. Maintenance rehearsal is the process of repeatedly verbalizing or thinking about a piece of information. For example, when you have to remember phone number to sent a text, you saying it over and over. It is maintenance rehearsal, it doesn't keep information in long term memory, but it will help keep it in short term memory a little longer. Interference is a process in short-term memory of pushing out the information. For example, when a person asked to memorize 12 random numbers by looking only once, usually people are able to say only 6 or 7 number. It is because as person reads numbers new information "pushes out" previous information. Chunking refers to organizing or grouping separate pieces of information together. When information is 'chunked' into groups, you can remember the information easier. For example, when you are trying to remember a long phone number, you can chunk it into groups of 3-4 digits. Working memory is the system that actively holds multiple pieces of transitory information in the mind, where they can be manipulated. Working memory helps us stay involved in something longer and keep more things in mind. Working memory is limited,Most adults have a working memory capacity of about 7 items, children typically have less.
Long Term Memory
Long-term memory refers to the continuing storage of information. Long-term memories can last for just a few days, or for many years. Long-term memory is closely related to short-term memory, as items that are stored for a short time can become long-term. Declarative memory is memory of facts and events, and refers to those memories that can be consciously recalled. For example, Person can exactly tell in what year, month, day his/her mother was born or can name some historical dates. Declarative memory is divided further into semantic and episodic memories. Semantic memory is a part of the long-term memory responsible for storing information about the world. This type of memory is concerned with independent facts, such as what a car is, along with concepts which may be more difficult to define. Semantic memory is also called knowledge. Unlike other forms of memory, you usually do not remember where or when you learned the information in semantic memory. Episodic memory is a part of the long-term memory responsible for storing information about events (i.e. episodes) that we have experienced in out lives. For example, People remember their first day at school or their first work. Procedural memory is a part of the long-term memory is responsible for knowing how to do things, i.e. memory of motor skills. It does not involve conscious. For example, person knows how to brush teeth or how to walk.